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Ivar Kreuger
Ivar Kreuger ((:ˌiːvar ˈkryːɡər); March 2, 1880 – March 12, 1932) was a Swedish civil engineer, financier, entrepreneur and industrialist. In 1908 he co-founded the construction company Kreuger & Toll Byggnads AB, which specialized in new building techniques. By aggressive investments and innovative financial instruments he built a global match and financial empire. Between the two world wars, he negotiated match monopolies with European and Central and South American governments, and finally controlled between two thirds and three quarters of worldwide match production, becoming known as the "Match King".〔''Kreuger Genius And Swindler'' by Robert Shaplen (Alfred A. Knopf Inc. New York; 1960, p.9)〕
Kreuger's financial empire has been described by one biographer as a Ponzi scheme, based on the supposedly fantastic profitability of Kreuger's match monopolies.〔see in: ''The Incredible Ivar Kreuger'' by Allen Churchill (Weidenfeld, London; Rinehart & Co., New York; 1957)〕 However, in a Ponzi scheme early investors are paid dividends from their own money or that of subsequent investors. Although Kreuger did this to some extent, he also controlled many legitimate and often very profitable businesses, and owned banks, real estate, a rich mine, and pulp and industrial companies, besides his many match companies. Many of them have survived to this day. Kreuger & Toll, for example, was composed of bona fide businesses, and there were others like it.〔''The Match King'' by Frank Partnoy c. 2009 Frank Partnoy(Public Affairs, New York; 2009) pp.13;51〕 Another biographer called Kreuger a "genius and swindler",〔''Kreuger Genius And Swindler'' by Robert Shaplen (Alfred A. Knopf Inc. New York; 1960)〕 and John Kenneth Galbraith wrote that he was the "Leonardo of larcenists".〔Introduction to''Kreuger Genius And Swindler'' by John Kenneth Galbraith, p.x (Alfred A. Knopf Inc. New York; 1960)〕 Kreuger's financial empire collapsed during the Great Depression, and in March 1932, he was found dead in the bedroom of his flat in Paris. The police concluded that he had committed suicide, but decades later his brother Torsten claimed that he had been murdered, which spawned some controversial literature on the subject (see below).
== Early life ==
Kreuger was born in Kalmar, the eldest son of Ernst August Kreuger (1852–1946), an industrialist in the match industry in that city,〔who was also Russian vice consul, a position he had inherited from his own father, Per Edward Kreuger.〕 and his wife Jenny Emelie Kreuger (1856–1949) (''nee'' Forssman). Ivar Kreuger had five siblings: Ingrid (born 1877), Helga (born 1878), Torsten (born 1884), Greta (born 1889) and Britta (born 1891).
At school, Ivar skipped ahead two classes by taking private lessons. At age 16 he began studies at the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, from which he graduated with combined master's degrees covering both the faculties of mechanical and civil engineering, at the age of 20.〔Remark: The M. Sc. degree around 1900 cannot be compared to the present demands. Today, two MSc. covering the full education program in both faculties in four years is impossible.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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